In individuals with disorders characterized by an increased frictional work of breathing, such as emphysema, which of the following breathing patterns results in the minimum work?
a. Rapid and deep breathing
b. Rapid and shallow breathing
c. Slow and deep breathing
d. Slow and shallow breathing
ANS: C
Breathing slowly and using pursed-lip breathing during exhalation minimize airway resistance and thus work of breathing in patients with emphysema.
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