Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)

1. Peterson and Panfil (2017)’s foundation for a developmental theory of female gang membership highlights the need for understanding of females’ gendered experiences of gang involvement as distinct from males’.
2. Contemporary research has confirmed Thrasher’s (1927) assertions that joining gangs is a natural process.
3. One possible motivation for a youth to join a gang is for instrumental purposes.
4. “Cyberbanging” refers to gang members’ use of the Internet as a venue for gang-related activity.
5. Some characteristics of modern-day schools, including zero-tolerance policies, may increase gang activity in schools by eroding student–teacher bonds.


1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. True

Criminal Justice

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