Which statement is accurate regarding the physiological changes associated with heart failure?
1. Blood backs up into the lungs due to right ventricular hypertrophy.
2. The walls of the heart shrink, leading to lower cardiac output.
3. Cardiac remodeling occurs after prolonged ventricular hypertrophy.
4. Blood pressure increases, resulting in lowered afterload.
Correct Answer: 3
Rationale: Heart walls thicken and enlarge with heart failure. These changes occur over time, and are referred to as cardiac remodeling. Blood can back up into the lungs, but this would be a result of left ventricular hypertrophy, not right. Blood pressure can go up, but would result in a higher, not lower, afterload.
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