Compare and contrast the movements of ions using the forces of diffusion and electrostatic pressure.
What will be an ideal response?
Sodium wants to move into the cell based on both the diffusion gradient (more outside than in) and the electrostatic pressure gradient (more positive outside, more negative inside). Chloride, an anion, wants to diffuse to the inside of the cell due to diffusion but is attracted to the outside of the cell as an anion in a positive space. Finally, potassium, a cation, is located predominantly inside the cell, so it wants to move out based on diffusion, but also wants to stay due to electrostatic pressure (cation in a negative space).
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In operant conditioning, _____ occurs when something unpleasant is removed from a situation and, as a result, the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring is strengthened
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
Keeping personal information about research participants private is part of the ethical requirement of:
a. debriefing b. informed consent c. compensation d. confidentiality
Your dog nudges you from sleep, and you reach out to pet the dog. The action of petting the dog is transmitted via the ______.
A. interneurons B. sensory neurons C. motor neurons D. cranial neurons
Reframing anxiety about a stressor as arousal likely will:
A) change the conclusions of both primary and secondary appraisal. B) result in the stressor being appraised as a challenge. C) reduce physiological arousal to the stressor. D) increase physiological arousal to the stressor.