What are the effects of epinephrine? (Select all that apply.)
a. Increases heart rate and force of contraction
b. Stimulates vasoconstriction in skin and most viscera
c. Constricts bronchioles
d. Decreases peristalsis
e. Stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose
ANS: A, B, D, E
Epinephrine increases the heart rate and force of contraction, stimulates vasoconstriction in skin and most viscera and vasodilation in skeletal muscles, dilates the bronchioles, decreases peristalsis, stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose, increases the use of fats for energy, and increases the rate of cell respiration. The most significant function of norepinephrine is to cause vasoconstriction in the skin and most viscera, thereby raising blood pressure.
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