Why is it so difficult to determine exactly what the effects of spanking are on an
individual child?
What will be an ideal response?
Data analysis is correlational, not directly causal. Many factors other than spanking enter
into the parent-child relationship. Some considerations are: genetic factors of both parent
and child, presence of sibs, unequal treatment in families, gender effects, cultural norm
effects, familial influence on parent and child, stress and crisis other than spanking,
severity, frequency, environmental conditions, intervening variables, methodologies are
complex, etc.
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_____ are settings where people are isolated from the rest of society, stripped of their former identities, and required to conform to new rules and behavior.
A. Day care centers B. Total institutions C. Social institutions D. Health care centers E. Educational institutions
Research indicates that the most common form of female abuse involves physical violence perpetrated by which of these?
A. a stranger B. an intimate partner C. a co-worker D. a sex trafficker
The average number of births per woman is known as the
A. demographic rate. B. crude mortality rate. C. fertility rate. D. pregnancy rate.
Social institutions tend to be conservative and change gradually
a. true b. false