Police organizations remain quasi-military hierarchies
a. True
b. False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
True
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The McNemar test is chi square based
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
Which test is credited to Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes and focuses on whether the act comes so close or near to the object crime that the probability of success is likely?
a. Probable Proximity Test b. Dangerous Proximity Test c. Substantial Step Test d. None of the above
What sort of orientation do most critical and radical criminologists bring to their work when they become increasingly opposed to class and racial forms of prejudice?
a. A Marxist heritage b. A communist ideology c. Functionalist insights d. Social justice activism
Conflict and critical theories of crime do not normally enjoy much empirical support except when they do what?
a. Abandon their commitment to socialism or communism b. Focus on law formation and not law breaking c. Consider things from the victim's point of view d. Are congruent with a deterrence policy