A study by Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson (1968) found that children who were labeled as "late bloomers" at the start of the school year showed larger IQ gains than other, non-labeled students, even though these particular children were chosen randomly. The children's teachers were informed about these labels but the students themselves were not. The results from this study are most relevant to which of the following?
A. Dissonance theory
B. The mere exposure effect
C. The self-fulfilling prophecy
D. The self-serving bias
C. The self-fulfilling prophecy
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Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about breast cancer?
a. Derrick: "The public tends to focus on breast cancer, rather than on diseases that are actually more deadly to women.". b. Hakim: "Compared to US women, Canadian women have a much greater probability of dying from breast cancer.". c. Adrienne: "Women who are menstruating are especially likely to detect breast cancer if they examine their breasts on the first day of their menstrual cycle.". d. Rachel: "The new research shows that women between the ages of 30 and 45 should have a yearly mammogram.".
Research by Novick examined whether the meaning of airplane changed for U.S. students around the time of the 2001 terrorist attacks. According to this research,
a. airplane became a more prototypical example of a vehicle shortly after the attacks, but it was judged less prototypical about 4 months later. b. the number of connection weights for airplane decreased at the time of the attacks, but soon afterwards, the number of connection weights increased. c. shortly after the attacks, airplane shifted from being a prototype to becoming an exemplar. d. for experts, the meaning of airplane changed significantly; for novices, the meaning remained stable.
Every time a rat presses a lever, it receives a small injection of cocaine. That rat begins pressing the lever more and more, indicating that cocaine is a:
A) positive reinforcer. B) negative reinforcer. C) positive punisher. D) negative punisher.
Marwan has been shy his whole life, and he is not sure what underlies this trait. Which subfield of psychology might hold some answers for Marwan?
-personality psychology -cultural psychology -clinical psychology -social psychology