William is a police officer who is instructed by a superior officer to beat a subject in order to obtain a confession. According to research done on obedience, William is more likely to disobey this order if:
A) the superior officer is in the room with William and the suspect.
B) another senior officer agrees that William should beat the subject.
C) the suspect asks William to stop.
D) William sees another police officer refuse to continue beating the subject.
Answer: D
Rationale: In Milgram's famous obedience studies, when the participant worked with a "co-teacher" who refused to comply, he or she often gained the courage to disobey.
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