Describe the cognitive abilities and limitations of preoperational-aged children
What will be an ideal response?
Although children of this age still show confusion between symbols and the objects they represent, they are beginning to understand how their minds work. In addition, children are beginning to use symbols to represent objects. This, of course, is necessary for the development of language. Children of this age are beginning to engage in symbolic or "pretend" play which demonstrates advancements in the ability to imagine. Preschool-aged children are highly egocentric, assuming that others think the same things they do. They are still unable to understand conservation tasks because they still show one-dimensional thinking. They are likely to display animism (in which thoughts and feelings are attributed to inanimate objects), and artificialism (such as believing that people created thunder).
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Most of the following variables can be mediators and moderators except for:
a. happiness c. social support b. optimism d. age
Answer the following statements true (T) or false (F)
1. A teacher who offers rewards and threatens punishment is appealing to the accuracy motive. 2. Systems of rewards and punishers usually are not effective at controlling human behaviour. 3. People usually struggle for years with learning social norms when they move to another country. 4. Restaurants that offer you a dessert on the house are using the norm of reciprocity to encourage you to return. 5. The norm of reciprocity might explain why some men feel that their dates “owe” them a kiss, particularly if they've paid for dinner.
George and Esther are sexually involved; but lately George has become sexually involved with John. George's sexual orientation is best characterized as
a. homosexual. b. bisexual. c. heterosexual. d. trisexual.
Mark repeatedly failed at school and was retained twice. He began to believe that nothing he did would improve his grades, so he gave up easily on assignments and tests and eventually dropped out of school in the tenth grade. Mark's school experience illustrates the concept of
a. learned helplessness. b. sublimation. c. compensation. d. the resistance stage.