Discuss the management of massive blood transfusion and the treatment approaches that are available
What will be an ideal response?
Suggested response: a Rapid control of bleeding by identifying and treating the bleeding source. b Use of coagulation monitoring and measurement (PT, APTT, fibrinogen, platelets and viscoelastic testing) as soon as possible to support coagulation. c Use serum lactate and/or base deficit measurements to estimate and monitor the extent of bleeding and shock. d Use fluids, blood products and pharmacological agents to maintain appropriate physiological targets. e Utilise warming methods to prevent hypothermia. f Avoid disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). g Use evidence-based treatment algorithm and checklists to guide clinical management.
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Which of the following statements most accurately captures the function of the ascending loop of Henle?
A) Urine is concentrated by the selective absorption of free water in the ascending limb. B) Sodium and water are reabsorbed in equal amounts, reducing filtrate quantity but maintaining osmolality. C) The majority of solute and water reabsorption occurs in the ascending loop of Henle. D) Impermeability to water and absorption of solutes yields a highly dilute filtrate.
The practice of nurses, nursing students, and faculty is affected by demographic changes due to:
a. the growing percentage of adults ages 50 to 55 years. b. increasing numbers of obese children and adults. c. changes by which families are becoming more nuclear. d. social programs that are essentially eliminating poverty.
Which of the following statements is true of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)?
A. The effect of using ARBs is similar to the effect of using the ACE inhibitors except that ARBs do not decrease pre- and afterload. B. The effect of using ARBs is similar to the effect of using the ACE inhibitors except that ARBs do not increase cardiac output. C. The effect of using ARBs is similar to the effect of using the ACE inhibitors except that ARBs do not increase bradykinin. D. The effect of using ARBs is similar to the effect of using the ACE inhibitors except that ARBs only decrease preload and not afterload.
Which of the following breathing alterations describes a low respiratory rate?
a. Apnea b. Hyperpnea c. Hypoventilation d. Kussmaul's respiration