At the alveolar level, when ventilation occurs with reduced or no perfusion, this condition is known as which of the following?
a. Alveolar shunt c. Anatomic dead space
b. Anatomic shunt d. Functional dead space
ANS: D
Ventilation with little or no perfusion at the level of the alveoli is known as functional dead space. An alveolar shunt occurs when alveoli are perfused but not ventilated. An anatomic shunt is the percentage of cardiac output that does not participate in gas exchange in the lung because of normal anatomy: Unoxygenated blood from the bronchopulmonary vein (lungs) and the thebesian veins (heart) empty directly into the left heart. Anatomic dead space includes all the conducting airways where no gas exchange occurs.
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