List the three criteria that must all be met in order for a variable to be considered a confounder of the association between the hypothesized exposure and outcome.

What will be an ideal response?


1. The confounder must be a risk factor for the outcome.
2. The confounder must be associated with the exposure in the study population.
3. The confounder cannot be an intermediate step in the causal pathway between exposure and outcome.

Health Professions

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The lingual foramen is a very small opening located in the center of the genial tubercles on the lingual side of the mandible

Indicate whether the statement is true or false

Health Professions

Indicate whether the data represented in the following example is part of a population or a sample:A coder in the Health Information Department has coded 1,000 charts in the past month and her supervisor plans to check 10% of the charts.

A. Sample B. Population

Health Professions

Which of the following would not be transmitted by a needle stick?

a. AIDS c. hepatitis A b. hepatitis B d. hepatitis C

Health Professions

Which of the following carries impulses from the body to the brain?

A) Ascending spinal tracts B) Descending spinal tracts C) Muscles and ligaments D) Nerve roots

Health Professions