To determine a patient's costal angle, you should visually estimate the angle formed by the
a. articulation of the manubrium and body of the sternum; it is continuous with the second rib.
b. costal ribs and the vertebrae.
c. right and left costal margins where they meet at the xiphoid process.
d. vertebrosternal ribs during inhalation.
C
The costal angle is formed by the right and left costal margins where they meet at the xiphoid process. The costal angle is less than 90° during exhalation and at rest. It widens slightly during inhalation because of expansion of the thorax. The manubriosternal angle, or angle of Louis, is the articulation of the manubrium and the body of the sternum, and is continuous with the second rib.
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The primary goal of the principle of beneficence is to:
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During afternoon rounds, the nurse finds a male patient using a pencil to scratch inside his knee-to-toe cast. The patient is complaining of severe itching in the ankle area. Which action should the nurse take?
A) Allow him to continue to scratch inside the cast with a pencil. B) Give him a sterile metal object to use for scratching instead of the pencil. C) Encourage him to avoid scratching, and obtain an order for diphenhydramine (Benadryl) if severe itching persists. D) Obtain an order for a sedative, such as diazepam (Valium), to prevent him from scratching.
When discussing dosage calculation for pediatric patients with a clinical pharmacist, the nurse notes that which type of dosage calculation is used most commonly in pediatric calculations?
a. West nomogram b. Clark rule c. Height-to-weight ratio d. Milligram per kilogram of body weight formula