What does shaping mean (in the context of operant conditioning)?
a. Establishing a response by punishing every alternative response
b. Molding the animal's body into position to make the response
c. Establishing a response and then providing opportunities to apply it in new situations
d. Establishing a response by reinforcing successive approximations
d
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According to psychologists, elaboration involves:
a. internal repetition of information to be recalled b. forming connections between new information and information already in memory c. rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns d. creating a visual image of the information that is to be stored in memory
According to Darwin, emotions are universal and
a. have species-specific adaptive functions. c. are necessary for survival. b. have underlying cognitive origins. d. subject to natural selection.
Which of the following individuals has the highest risk of being diagnosed with schizophrenia?
a. a 23-year-old woman whose mother was diagnosed with bipolar disorder. b. a 62-year-old man born in Panama c. a 5-year-old child diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. d. a 42-year-old man who uses heroin regularly.
In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association, on which axis does the rating of the severity of psychosocial stressors appear?
a. Axis I c. Axis III b. Axis II d. Axis IV