Viral spikes
A. allow bacteria to evade host defenses.
B. are always present on enveloped viruses.
C. attach the viral capsid and envelope.
D. are for recognition among the various types of viruses.
E. are derived from host proteins.
Answer: B
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Which of the following are exceptions to the universal genetic code that is used by most organisms?
A. Phenylalanine B. Selenocysteine C. Stop D. Lysine E. Pyrrolysine
Answer the following statements true (T) or false (F)
1. When lactose becomes available the genes encoding b-galactosidase and lactose permease are upregulated in E. coli. 2. Different globin polypeptides are expressed at similar levels during the embryonic and fetal stages of mammalian development. 3. Small effector molecules directly bind the DNA they regulate. 4. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes require a promoter region for gene transcription. 5. A cis-effect is a form of gene regulation that can occur between two DNA segments that are not physically adjacent.
Which blood vessel is next to living cells in nearly all body tissues?
a. venules b. arterioles c. capillaries d. veins e. arteries
The ability of a pathogen to enter a cell, spread, and cause disease is termed
a. pathogenesis. b. invasion. c. colonization. d. adherence.