The following are steps used to construct a cladogram that best reflects the evolutionary relationships of a group of species. Which step involves deciding which tree is most likely to have occurred, based on the fewest character state changes?
A. Establish the character states.
B. Select an outgroup.
C. Polarize the characters.
D. Gather data on characters to be used.
E. Apply the principle of parsimony.
Answer: E
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A. gamma rays, because it has high energy wavelengths. B. visible light, because it has low energy wavelengths. C. microwaves, because it has low energy wavelengths. D. infrared, because it has high energy wavelengths. E. ultraviolet, because it has high energy wavelengths.
What is the natural function of restriction endonucleases?
a. research applications b. DNA manipulation in vitro c. defense against viruses that infect bacteria d. regulating bacterial gene expression e. breaking phosphodiester bonds in mammalian DNA
This image depicts the junctions between
1.tissue.
2.cells in a tissue that knit the cells firmly together, stop leaks, and serve as communication channels.
3.the body organs.
4.the organism.
Which of the following proteins is likely to act as a gene repressor?
(a) factor X (b) factor Y (c) factor Z (d) none of the above