Esherichia coli and Clostridium acetylbutylicum are reported to be derived from a common ancestor. They both have similar but not identical gene sequences. Which of the following could best explain this difference in genetic coding?
A. They have a common ancestor, their DNA has been inherited from the common ancestor, therefore it will be similar.
B. The two species never diverged but they were discovered by two different scientists and therefore given different names.
C. These orthologs show identical gene segments, but the entire sequence has differences, therefore they are related through ancestoral genes.
D. Gene duplication created paralogs.
E. After the two species diverged, the genes accumulated random mutations that resulted in similar but not identical gene sequences.
E. After the two species diverged, the genes accumulated random mutations that resulted in similar but not identical gene sequences.
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The rate of contaminant microbial growth during the exponential phase in food depends on
A) temperature. B) the nutrient value of the food. C) water content. D) temperature, nutrient value, and water content.
A scientific theory is:
A. a suggested explanation that accounts for observations. B. a way to organize how we think about a problem. C. a concept that is supported by experimental evidence that explains the facts in an area of study. D. a way to understand a complex system by reducing it to its working parts.
A major difference in reproductive strategy found in plants and animals but not found in protists is that _____.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
Which of the following findings was essential for Edward Jenner's vaccination process?
A) Exposure to a milder disease form may produce immunity. B) A weakened microorganism will not cause disease. C) Someone who recovers from a disease will not acquire that disease again. D) Disease is caused by viruses. E) Pathogenic microorganisms infect all humans and animals in the same manner.