A client exhibits dependency on staff and peers and expresses fear of abandonment. Using Mahler's theory of object relations, which should the nurse expect to note in this client's childhood?
A. Lack of fulfillment of basic needs by parental figures
B. Absence of the client's maternal figure during symbiosis
C. Difficulty establishing trust with the maternal figure
D. Inconsistency by the maternal figure during individuation
ANS: D
During phase 3 (5 to 36 months) of Margaret Mahler's individuation theory, there should be a strengthening of the ego and an acceptance of "self" with independent ego boundaries. Inconsistency by the maternal figure during individuation may in later years result in feelings of helplessness when the client is alone because of exaggerated fears of being unable to care for self.
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