Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)

1. History as a threat to internal validity is really about how participants in a program change as they mature.
2. Selection is a possible threat to the internal validity of research designs, even where there is no control group.
3. Testing as a threat to internal validity is about participants in a program doing better on the posttest, based on their knowing the instrument from having taken a pretest with it.
4. Instrumentation as a threat to internal validity is about the measuring instrument being changed from the pretest to the posttest.
5. Statistical regression as a threat to internal validity is about the incorrect use of statistical methods in correlating independent variables with dependent variables.


1. False
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False

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Removing sick children from a group can be an effective method for limiting the source of ____________________

Fill in the blank(s) with correct word

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If there is a tie vote on an appeal from the decision of the chair, it sustains the chair

a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false

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Compared to the NEA and AFT, specialized organizations for teachers

a. Focus more of their attention on content and pedagogy. b. Typically do not become involved in direct negotiations on issues affecting the working conditions of their members. c. Have assumed a more active role in the development of national goal standards. d. All of the above.

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An 8-year-old in third grade is given an IQ test. Which of the following best describes a norm group in this situation?

a. All 8-year-olds who have taken the same test. b. Special education students found eligible via this test. c. The criteria established in that state for normal third-grade performance in an IQ test. d. The individually administered group of subtests administered to this student.

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