What is a basic Confucian value which is variously translated "humaneness, reciprocity, virtue"?
a. ren
b. xiao
c. junzi
d. jing
a. ren
Analysis:
a. Correct. Ren—variously translated "humaneness, reciprocity, virtue"—is a basic Confucian value, second only to filial piety in its importance.
b, c & d. Incorrect. Despite the hierarchical and authoritarian structure of life that Confucianism encourages, the more powerful people in every relationship must act with humane, gentle reciprocity toward the less powerful in the relationship.
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