African-Americans in New York City were angered because they felt that the Korean grocers were treating them in an unfriendly and hostile manner because the Korean grocers did not smile or use polite expressions, such as "thank you," and they refused to place change directly in the customer's hand. In the Korean culture, smiling too much is seen as "silly," and expressions, such as "thank you"
and "excuse me" are used sparingly, and strangers are not touched even to return change. This misunderstanding was due to
a. a lack of cultural awareness on both sides.
b. the avoidance of social competition by the Koreans.
c. a lack of just-world beliefs by both groups.
d. the use of individuating information.
A
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