Which statement regarding the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease is true?
A. Alteration in neuronal signals from the basal ganglia cause dopamine levels to increase.
B. Degeneration of the substantia nigra leads to a decrease in dopamine levels.
C. Cerebellar levels of acetylcholine rise, inhibiting voluntary movement.
D. The cerebral cortex fails to use available acetylcholine.
B
Parkinson's disease (PD) is believed to be caused by a genetic defect in chromosome 4 . PD is caused by widespread degeneration of the substantia nigra, which leads to a decrease in dopa-mine. As dopamine levels decrease, the individual loses the ability to refine voluntary move-ments.
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Lillian Wald, a social reformer at the turn of the 20th century, founded the:
a. National Commission on Children. b. Henry Street Settlement. c. White House Conference. d. U.S. Children's Bureau.
A client had an open cholecystectomy with a T-tube insertion, and the nurse is measuring the bile drainage every 8 hours. When should the nurse notify the physician?
A) If more than 500 mL of bile drainage is present in 24 hours. B) If the bile drainage is dark green. C) If there is 100 mL in the drainage pouch after 8 hours. D) If there is 10 mL/hour of drainage in 24 hours.
The nurse encourages the mother of a toddler with acute LTB to stay at the bedside as much as possible. The nurse's rationale for this action is primarily that
a. Mothers of hospitalized toddlers often experience guilt. b. The mother's presence will reduce anxiety and ease child's respiratory efforts. c. Separation from mother is a major developmental threat at this age. d. The mother can provide constant observations of the child's respiratory efforts.
What should be the expected fetal heart rate response in an active fetus?
A) Acceleration of at least 15 bpm for 15 seconds B) Increase in variability by 15 bpm C) Deceleration followed by acceleration of 15 bpm D) Decrease in variability for 15 seconds