The United States census is an example of a huge descriptive research project that uses the entire population as the sample. What are some of the limitations of generalizing census findings back to the entire population? (Select all that apply.)
a. Although all homes must fill out a census report, the homeless population often cannot be accessed, surveyed, and counted, so the homeless population is underrepresented in the findings.
b. Persons whose primary language is something other than English or Spanish, and who do not speak either language, are more likely to be missed in the census.
c. The survey method of data collection relies on self-report; some misrepresentation or error is inevitable.
d. The population changes continuously, and the one described in the census isn't very much like the population on the day the results are published.
e. Persons in the United States who are no longer here legally but plan to stay do not fill out a report.
ANS: A, B, C, E
Limitations are restrictions or problems in a study that may decrease the generalizability of the findings. All studies have limitations, and these might be theoretical and/or methodological in nature. Theoretical limitations are weaknesses in a study framework and conceptual and operational definitions of variables that restrict the abstract generalization of the findings. Methodological limitations are factors in the study design that can limit the credibility of the findings and restrict the population to which the findings can be generalized.
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