One step that can be taken to reduce social loafing is:
A. to minimize group members' commitment to the task
B. to minimize the apparent value of a task
C. to ensure that the group's effort, but not individual contributions, is recognized and rewarded
D. to ensure that the contribution made by each group member is easily identifiable
E. to ensure that each member of the group is aware that other group members can make the same contribution that they do
Answer: D. to ensure that the contribution made by each group member is easily identifiable
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What was one method researchers used to present a word so that people would be conscious of it on some trials and not others?
a. They sometimes presented the word to people who were in a coma. b. They sometimes hypnotized people and told them not to see the word. c. They sometimes made the word too small and blurry to see. d. They sometimes presented a masking pattern after the word.
Tamika is learning how to tie her shoes. Her father praises her for crossing the shoelaces. Then, he praises her again as she learns to form one end into a loop. Slowly, Tamika learns how to tie a bow with the laces. This reinforcing of small steps toward a desired behavior is called
a. negative reinforcement. b. extinction. c. conditioned response. d. shaping.
All of the following are concerns about the use of punishment EXCEPT
a. it suppresses rather than eliminates behavior. b. it may model inappropriate behavior. c. it is difficult to administer. d. it does not teach new behaviors. e. it can lead to strong negative emotions.
Hiroko watches shows that display and encourage being friendly and helpful to other people. After watching this, Hiroko is more likely to a. act friendly
b. act aggressively. c. be depressed. d. act the same way she always has.