What is meant by the counterflow of fluid through the limbs of the loop of Henle, and what is its role in the normal
function of a human kidney? What will be an ideal response?
Concepts to Consider: The filtrate passing down through the descending limb of the loop is
flowing in an opposite direction to the filtrate moving upward through the ascending limb.
This countercurrent mechanism helps maintain a high salt concentration in the interstitial
fluid of the medulla that draws water osmotically from the filtrate in the collecting ducts, thus
preventing dehydration and excessive water loss.
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Opportunistic pathogens
A. cause disease in every individual. B. are always pathogens. C. cause disease in compromised individuals. D. have well-developed virulence factors.
Amanda was studying turtles based on DNA analysis. Under the current classification scheme, which of the following turtle species are thought to be most closely related? (1) Graptemys ouachitensis, (2) Trachemys scripta, (3) Apalone spinifera, (4) Graptemys kohni.
A. 1 and 4 due to inductive reasoning B. 2 and 3 due to deductive reasoning C. 2 and 3 due to inductive reasoning D. 1 and 4 due to deductive reasoning E. 1 and 3 due to inductive reasoning F. 1 and 3 due to deductive reasoning
Tumors that are harmful, non-encapsulated growths of cells are known as
A. benign. B. malignant. C. metastasized. D. carcinogenic.
During an infection with Listeria, an intracellular bacterium, APCs will present antigen on MHC II molecules.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)