Discuss the three types of privileges that are defenses to defamation. How do they differ? In what context are they used? Why do these defenses exist?
a. Absolute privilege protects the defendant regardless of the motive or intent. With this defense, public policy favors complete freedom of speech. Example: Statements made during judicial proceedings, statements made by members of Congress on the floor of Congress, statements made by certain executive branch officers while performing governmental duties, spousal statements meant to be private.
b. Conditional or qualified privilege depends on proper use of the privilege. Persons may protect themselves and their own legitimate interest or, in some cases, the interests of another. Example: Letters of reference. Does not apply as a defense to one who acts in an excessive manner, without probable cause, or for an improper purpose.
c. Constitutional privilege involves the First Amendment free-speech right to nonmalicious comment about public officials. Malice here is not ill will but clear and convincing proof of the publisher's knowledge of falsity or reckless disregard of the truth.
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All of the following refer to the competence of the internal audit function except:
A. supervision and review of internal audit activities. B. professional certification. C. the party in the entity to which the internal audit function reports. D. the quality of internal audit documents and reports.
The reason for combining direct labor and overhead costs together and calling them "conversion costs" is that
a. they both are direct costs of production. b. the equivalent unit amount for direct materials will be the same as that for direct labor and overhead costs. c. both types of costs usually are incurred uniformly throughout the production process. d. the costs for direct labor and overhead are not accounted for separately.
An environmental analysis is an important step in distribution planning
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
_________ can take the form of cash payments to the firm, government participation in ownership, low-cost loans to exporters and foreign buyers to encourage purchase, and preferential tax treatment.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).