Twelve research studies show a strong correlation between low levels of education and poverty. A social scientist declares that the "cure" for poverty is in free education for all of the children of the poor
What are valid arguments against this declaration? (Select all that apply.)
a. The scientist believes that a low level of education, in and of itself, causes poverty, but no study has demonstrated this.
b. It is possible that low levels of education cause Item B, and Item B causes poverty.
c. It is possible that multigenerational poverty causes lower levels of education.
d. It is possible that low levels of education and poverty are both caused by social injustice.
e. Twelve correlational research studies are not enough to demonstrate cause: at least 50 studies of 100 subjects each would be required for this.
ANS: A, B, C, D
Correlational analysis provides two pieces of information about the data: the nature or direction of the linear relationship (positive or negative) between the two variables and the magnitude (or strength) of the linear relationship. A positive correlation is not an indication of causality, no matter how strong the statistical result.
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