Discuss the work of Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky that identified influences that can impair the accuracy of evaluations and testimony presented by forensic clinicians.
What will be an ideal response?
Answers may vary.There are other kinds of bias that apply to human decision-making more broadly. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky identified a number of factors that affect how people make decisions under conditions of uncertainty, when there are no clear and objectively "right" answers. These influences can impair the impartiality and accuracy of evaluations and testimony presented by forensic clinicians, particularly in the context of an adversarial system. Such influences have been discussed as they apply to forensic assessment and testimony, identifying six that are particularly relevant:• Representativeness-overemphasizing evidence that resembles a typical representation of a prototype (e.g., making attributions about an individual's motivation because that individual resembles a "drug addict" in many ways);• Base rate neglect-judging the likelihood of an outcome without considering information about the actual probability of this outcome, as conveyed by base rates (e.g., predicting a serious act of violence by someone who shows predictors consistent with a group that rarely behaves this way);• Availability-overemphasizing the probability of occurrence when similar instances are easy to recall (e.g., from a recent, highly publicized case);• Confirmation bias-selectively gathering and interpreting evidence that confirms a hypothesis while ignoring evidence that might disconfirm it (e.g., as a result of using early impressions in an evaluation to shape the gathering of additional evidence);• WYSIATI (what you see is all there is)-organizing activated information to derive the most coherent "story" while leaving out nonactivated information (e.g., by focusing on information that has been "activated," perhaps via confirmation bias, and consequently constructing an account that is excessively consistent because it excludes contradictory information); and• Anchoring-information encountered first is the most influential.
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In a study by Gosling, Ko, and Mannarelli on using cues from the physical environment to draw inferences about people's personalities, it was found that:
a. the more neat, clean, and organized the room, the less Conscientiousness the occupant b. the more distinctive and varied the room, the more Open to Experience the occupant c. the more colorful and tidy the room, the more Neurotic the occupant d. the more cluttered and dirty the room, the more Extraverted the occupant low self-esteem
Margaret is conditioned to feel more alert each time she hears her husband starting their coffee maker because it signals that their coffee will soon be ready. Every morning, after starting the coffee maker, Joe turns on their kitchen television. How is Margaret likely to respond when hearing the television?
A. She will feel even more alert. B. In addition to feeling alert, her stomach will also start to growl. C. She will immediately feel less alert. D. It will have little to no effect on her.
All of the following make it difficult to determine if there are gender-related differences in behavior and cognition except:
a. the results show evidence for strong differences, but people don't want to accept them b. different researchers tend measure the same characteristic in different ways c. the differences that exist are relatively small d. people tend to talk to children dressed as boys or girls in different, subtle ways
A multiple regression analysis in which all predictor variables are entered into the analysis at the same time is called a analysis
a. stepwise b. hierarchical c. partial d. standard e. cross-lagged