Describe how birds and mammals lose heat through ventilation
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: Birds and mammals have respiratory surfaces that are well adapted for gas exchange, so in these animals we see high vascularity, moist surfaces, and high airflow. Cooling through ventilation exemplifies a fine balance between respiratory demands and thermoregulation. To increase cooling, animals increase ventilation frequency. When birds are trying to cool off, we observe gular fluttering, which is characterized by rapid contraction and relaxation of throat muscles. Mammals pant in order to cool off. Both gular fluttering and panting have a cooling effect because rapid ventilation enhances heat loss across respiratory surfaces by convection, rapid ventilation causes evaporation of water via the tongue, and well-vascularized respiratory surfaces of mammals and birds are kept moist with secretions.
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Describe the causes and effects of gastrointestinal ailments during pregnancy
What will be an ideal response?
During an action potential, an increase in membrane permeability to Na+ leads to a _______ followed by an increase in permeability to K+ that leads to a _______ of the membrane and a slight afterhyperpolarization.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
Cancer cells may evade the immune system by inducing committed T cells into apotosis
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
The T-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum are unique to muscle fibers.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)