Graves' disease is due to an autoantibody that binds to and activates the TSH receptor. This interaction would primarily increase which second messenger in the thyroid epithelial cells?
A. Ca++
B. activated STAT
C. PI3 kinase
D. cGMP
E. cAMP
ANS: E
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According to the tubuloglomerular feedback theory, an increase in tubular fluid NaCl delivery to the macula densa will result in which of the following?
A. a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate of the same nephron B. an increase in renal blood flow to the glomerulus of the same nephron C. activation of the renal sympathetic nerves D. an increase in proximal tubule solute and water reabsorption E. an increase in renin secretion
A rabbit is presented for hematuria, stranguria, lethargy, and anorexia. A UA is performed and a radiograph is taken and uroliths are diagnosed. The rabbit is anesthetized and a cystotomy is performed to correct the problem. (Key: remember, the color of rabbit urine can vary from clear to white to red depending on diet and individual variation.) Anorexia means:
A) without swallowing B) vomiting C) off feed D) tiredness E) turbid
Large particles enter and exit the nucleus by:
A. Simple diffusion B. Osmosis C. Active transport D. Facilitated diffusion
Which formed element functions in blood clotting?
A) Thrombocyte B) Erythrocyte C) Leukocyte