A typical human yawn lasts for about six seconds and once initiated, is nearly impossible to stop. Although there are many hypotheses for why we yawn, it is accepted that yawning is contagious - when we see someone else yawn, we often find ourselves yawning as well. This happens across all cultures and even in infants! In this case, the yawn an individual observes is ________, while their own yawn is ________.
A. a sign stimulus; a fixed action pattern
B. reflex response; learned behavior
C. an association; a conditioned response
D. innate behavior; habituation
Answer: A
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Which of the following is an example of bulk flow during gas exchange in vertebrates?
A. movement of water past a respiratory surface B. movement of hemolymph throughout the body C. movement of oxygen from the lung into the bloodstream D. movement of carbon dioxide from body cells into the bloodstream E. All of the answer options are correct.
What does biological ancestry describe?
A) the ancestors from whom mitochondria were inherited B) interaction between different generations in a population C) the ancestors from whom specific alleles of nuclear genes were inherited D) family trees or pedigrees
Turbinates were found in therapsids, extinct reptiles thought to be ancestors of mammals. What could the researchers conclude from this observation?
A. Ectothermy arose before fur. B. Ectothermy arose after fur. C. Endothermy arose before fur. D. Endothermy arose after fur. E. Birds did not descend from reptiles.
When calculating leaf litter decomposition, what must be taken into account?
A) carbon uptake by leaf B) mass added by decomposers like fungi C) waste from earthworms D) water reuptake by the tree