Ratner uses the 1992 World Bank Guidelines on the Treatment of Foreign Direct Investment as an example of what?
a. a hard international law that would bring formal sanctions against those who fail to comply
b. a soft law that states have used to guide their behavior without fearing a violation if they fail to comply
c. a hard law that states have chosen to follow even though there is no fear of violation if they fail to comply
d. a nonbinding regulation that states follow for fear of retaliation by the international financial community if they fail to comply
e. a soft law that has failed to obtain the compliance of many states despite the belief that full compliance would result in benefit for all
Answer: b
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Which of the following accurately defines political cleavage?
A. It refers to individuals' self-awareness of the political implications of being a member of a particular economic class. B. It refers to a salient dimension of political conflict and competition within a given society, such as religion, ethnicity, or other forms of identity. C. It refers to an economic class of wealthy capitalists that emerged during the Industrial Revolution. D. It refers to the assumption that political identities are formed by any class of factors other than economic ones. E. It refers to the assumption that individuals have a choice over their political identities that is not constrained by the social context.
Which of the following provides the best evidence for the claim that America's soft power waned during the first decade of the twenty-first century?
A. President Obama's attempts to negotiate with adversaries and increase collaboration with allies B. the mix of diplomatic pressure, multilateral sanctions, and International Atomic Energy Agency inspections used to deter nuclear weapons in North Korea C. international opposition to the invasion of Iraq, Guantanamo Bay, and the perceived unilateralism of President Bush D. the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon
Which of the following levels of federal courts was established by the Constitution?
A. U.S. courts of appeals B. U.S. district courts C. U.S. Supreme Court D. U.S. Claims Court
Constitutional courts ______.
A. are all the inferior courts that were included in Article III of the Constitution B. are established by the President to relieve the workload on the Supreme Court C. are lower level courts designed to handle litigation that exercise the same power of judicial review as the Supreme Court D. are created by the Supreme Court to minimize the workload of the justices and take advantage of specialization to produce better decisions