What are the main advantages and disadvantages of the contraceptive methods in the highly
effective category?
What will be an ideal response?
All of these methods work primarily by preventing ovulation, and, although they require regular
attention by the user, they do not interrupt lovemaking. All are immediately reversible once
discontinued.
• Oral contraceptives (OCs) are very effective if they are taken every day. They protect against cancer
of the ovaries and uterus but do not offer any protection against sexually transmitted infections
(STIs) and might actually increase a woman's risk of contracting human papillomavirus (HPV). Side
effects include spotting and irregular bleeding in the first few cycles, nausea, breast tenderness,
mood changes, and headaches. Most women have lighter periods with fewer cramps while on
birth control pills.
• The vaginal ring (NuvaRing) contains estrogen and progesterone-like OCs but is worn inside
the vagina. The ring is worn 3 weeks out of the month, then removed for 1 week to trigger a
withdrawal bleed. Side effects and efficacy are similar to those of the pill. It might be felt during
intercourse, but if it is uncomfortable, it can be removed for up to 3 hours without compromising
the efficacy.
• The contraceptive patch (Ortho Evra) is also similar in composition to OCs and is worn anywhere
except the breasts. The patch is changed weekly for 3 weeks and then removed for 1 week to
trigger a withdrawal bleed. As with the ring, side effects and efficacy are similar to those of OCs.
However, it is somewhat less effective in women heavier than 198 pounds.
• The implantable contraceptive etonogestrel (Implanon) is a progestin-only hormonal
contraceptive that is effective for up to 3 years. It might be less effective in very overweight
women. The most common side effect is menstrual irregularities, with irregular and unpredictable
cycles. Failure to remove the implant at the end of the 3-year cycle is associated with increased risk
of ectopic pregnancy and infertility.
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