Compare Bowlby's four phases of attachment. How does attachment change from birth to two years?
What will be an ideal response?
According to Bowlby, attachment develops in four phases:
1. Preattachment phase (birth to 6 weeks). Built-in signals-grasping, smiling, crying, and gazing into the adult's eyes-help bring newborn babies into close contact with other humans, who comfort them. Babies of this age recognize their own mother's smell, voice, and face. But they are not yet attached to her, since they do not mind being left with an unfamiliar adult.
2. "Attachment in the making" phase (6 weeks to 6-8 months). During this phase, infants respond differently to a familiar caregiver than to a stranger. As infants learn that their own actions affect the behavior of those around them, they begin to develop a sense of trust-the expectation that the caregiver will respond when signaled-but they still do not protest when separated from her.
3. "Clear-cut" attachment phase (6-8 months to 18 months-2 years). Now attachment to the familiar caregiver is evident. Babies display separation anxiety, becoming upset when their trusted caregiver leaves. However, separation anxiety does not always occur; it depends on infant temperament and the current situation. But in many cultures, separation anxiety increases between 6 and 15 months, suggesting that infants have developed a clear understanding that the caregiver continues to exist when not in view. Besides protesting the parent's departure, older infants and toddlers try hard to maintain her presence. They approach, follow, and climb on her in preference to others. And they use the familiar caregiver as a secure base from which to explore.
4. Formation of a reciprocal relationship (18 months to 2 years and on). By the end of the second year, rapid growth in representation and language enables toddlers to understand some of the factors that influence the parent's coming and going and to predict her return. As a result, separation protest declines. Now children negotiate with the caregiver, using requests and persuasion to alter her goals.
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