Unlike operant or classical conditioning, in observational learning, ____
a. direct reinforcement is necessary to establish behavior
b. new behaviors can be learned solely by watching others
c. reinforcement must precede the person's action
d. reinforcers are not necessary to maintain a behavior
B
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Using memory skills such as getting better organized, paying attention, using visualization strategies, and rehearsing information for later retrieval, are all considered __________.
A. ineffective strategies B. short-term memory strategies C. cognitive enhancements D. mnemonic strategies
If it is important for your group to overcome biased information sampling in a decision-making task, what goal should your group's leader focus on?
a. critical discussion and delay of consensus b. seeking common ground and high group morale c. quick agreement to settle the matter d. finding integrative solutions
You need saccadic eye movements when you are reading this sentence in order to
a. focus on the consonants, rather than the vowels. b. increase the size of your perceptual span. c. decrease the number of fixations necessary for accurate reading. d. move your eye so that the next words are registered in the fovea.
According to the learning theorists, a passive or active orientation toward the world may develop as a result of
a. feeding experiences. b. toilet training. c. sex education. d. expression of anger.