According to Reiss, ______ control was defined as the ability of the individual to refrain from meeting needs in ways which conflict with the norms and rules of the community.

A. social
B. direct
C. indirect
D. personal


D. personal

Criminal Justice

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A ruling in a previous case that serves as a guide in deciding subsequent cases with similar circumstances is known as a[No] ____________.

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).

Criminal Justice

Inmates with higher education are more likely to be victims of what type of crime?

A. simple assault B. theft C. sexual assault D. intimidation

Criminal Justice

Which of the following statements about modern law enforcement represents the legacy of August Vollmer’s contributions to American policing?

A. In 1994, the United States ratified the “United Nations Convention Against Torture,” which requires all parties to pass laws forbidding the use of torture. B. Today, only 10% of police departments in the United States require that their officers obtain 2- or 4-year degrees. C. In 2008, a NYPD whistleblower secretly recorded his superiors pushing officers to arrest more individuals to meet quotas rather than acting as “social workers” to address problems before crimes were committed. D. In 2017, Attorney General Jeff Sessions ended the “National Commission on Forensic Science,” which was tasked with improving the accuracy of forensic science.

Criminal Justice

The "evolving standards of decency" analysis espoused by the U.S. Supreme Court in Trop v. Dulles (1958) has subsequently been used by the Court to decide whether _____ is cruel and unusual punishment for certain groups of offenders.

a. life with parole b. the death penalty c. life without parole d. hard labor

Criminal Justice