While innate immunity is ancient and universal amongst animals, the adaptive immune system is generally considered to be unique to the vertebrates. However, some researchers have suggested, with much controversy, that invertebrates may have a form of adaptive immunity as well. What sort of evidence would be required to fully demonstrate such a claim? (Check all that apply.)
_____ B and T cells
_____ CD4 receptors
_____ efficacy of vaccination
_____ highly variable molecules that can bind various antigens
_____ identified cells that are necessary to provide acquired immunity
_____ immunoglobulin molecules
_____ resistance upon second exposure to a pathogen
_____ specific resistance to one strain but not another after exposure
_____ thymus gland
_____ Toll-like receptors
_____ B and T cells
_____ CD4 receptors
__X__ efficacy of vaccination
__X__ highly variable molecules that can bind various antigens
__X__ identified cells that are necessary to provide acquired immunity
_____ immunoglobulin molecules
__X__ resistance upon second exposure to a pathogen
__X__ specific resistance to one strain but not another after exposure
_____ thymus gland
_____ Toll-like receptors
You might also like to view...
One major strength of science is
a. all theories are correct. b. all experiments are successful. c. new ideas are considered as new information comes to light. d. facts that have been discovered remain unchanged. e. all questions may be explained by science.
A behavioral pattern is triggered by:
a. a circadian rhythm. b. an environmental stimulus. c. a positive reinforcement. d. a psychological stimulus. e. a sign stimulus
Why are waves of calcium that enter cells and are propagated through the cytoplasmic compartment, as happens within the first minute or so after fertilization, generally transient?
a) The ions are changed to calcium salts as soon as they enter the cell. b) The Ca2+ ions are rapidly pumped out of the cytosol and back into the ER and/or the extracellular space. c) The ions are destroyed as soon as they enter the cell. d) Option D: The Ca2+ ions are rapidly pumped out of the cytosol and back into the nucleus.
What is one difference between ubiquinones and cytochromes?
a. Ubiquinones can only be reduced; cytochromes can only be oxidized. b. Ubiquinones are not made of protein; cytochromes are. c. Ubiquinones cannot carry electrons; cytochromes can. d. Ubiquinones can only be oxidized; cytochromes can only be reduced.