Discuss the problems that plants had to overcome to adapt to life on land. How did they overcome these problems? What will be an ideal response?
When plants made the transition from water to land, they had to solve most of the same
problems that animals did: desiccation, support, reproduction, and the effects of gravity. Most
experts agree that the ancestors of land plants first evolved in a marine environment, then
moved into a freshwater environment before finally moving onto land. In this way, the
differences in osmotic pressures between saltwater and freshwater were overcome while the
plant was still in the water. throughout a plant. Vascular tissue also provides some support for the plant body. Additional
strength is derived from the organic compounds lignin and cellulose, found throughout a
plant’s walls.
The problem of desiccation was circumvented by the evolution of cutin, an organic
compound found in the outer-wall layers of plants. Cutin also provides additional resistance
to oxidation, the effects of ultraviolet light, and the entry of parasites.
Roots evolved in response to the need to collect water and nutrients from the soil and to help
anchor the plant in the ground. The evolution of leaves from tiny outgrowths on the stem or
from branch systems provided plants with an efficient light-gathering system for
photosynthesis.
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The Pyrenees Mountains create a natural boundary between France and:
A. Spain. B. Italy. C. Germany. D. Belgium.
Most gateway cities were
A) ports. B) located primarily in northern Germany and Scandinavia. C) controlled by native elites. D) in existence for at least a millennium.
A eukaryotic cell has a well-defined nucleus and organelles, including mitochondria and plastids. Indicate whether the statement is true or false
The presence of ____________________ in the upper 40 m or so of a glacier indicates that this portion
behaves not as a plastic but as a(n) ____________________ solid. Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).