What did Festinger and Carlsmith mean by the term cognitive dissonance?
A. When a person lies, the brain emits subliminal (below conscious level) waves that are out of phase (dissonant), which create cognitive stress.
B. When behavior contradicts beliefs, these two events are out of tune (dissonant) which creates an uncomfortable emotional state.
C. When two or more thoughts occur at the same time, the brain becomes confused (dissonant) and thinking slows.
D. When trying to convince someone of something that the persuader does not believe, the listener senses this (feels the dissonance), and persuasion is ineffective.
Answer: B
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