According to research on self-efficacy by Holzberger, Philipp, & Kunter, 2013, which of the following statements is true about how self-efficacy affects academic performance?
a. In high-achieving schools, policies and regulations are implemented strictly to enforce discipline.
c. Levels of self-efficacy of classroom teachers and ratings of the teachers by students mutually affect each other.
b. Students in the East German collectivist culture scored higher in self-efficacy than those in the West German individualist culture.
d. In low-achieving schools, teachers tend to cultivate self-efficacy among students by giving them achievable goals.
ANS: C
FEEDBACK: Classroom teachers in Germany who were high in self-efficacy were rated by their students as being more effective teachers than those low in self-efficacy. In addition, those whose students rated them high in quality of classroom instruction developed higher levels of self-efficacy.
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