Define the two types of validity and explain some of the factors that may threaten validity in research designs. ? How can threats to the two types of validity be addressed?
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: Answers should explain the two types of confounding effects, which may invalidate the results of research – internal validity (limits to the certainty that the research interventions caused observed changes in research findings) and external validity (factors limiting the ability of researchers to generalize research findings to other settings). Responses should also list some of the specific threats to internal and external validity listed in Figures 2-2 and 2-3. Strategies to address these threats, such as control and randomization, should also be discussed.
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In the U.S. Supreme Court case of ______, the Court held that the parole board members were not liable under federal law because the parole board was not aware that a particular person was in any special danger.
A. Hidalgo v. Martinez B. Riggs v. Hidalgo C. Martinez v. Rabinowitz D. Martinez v. California
After a suspect asserts his or her Miranda rights, questioning:
A. must cease as a general rule. B. may continue until their lawyer arrives. C. should be intensified. D. can never be restarted.
Interviews are a key part of any investigation
a. True b. False
You are instructing a class on report writing at the police academy. One of the recruits asks "How many times should I proofread my report?" You advise him:
A. Check once for content. B. Check one for spelling and punctuation. C. Read your writing twice: once for content, once for facts. D. Read your writing twice: once for content and once for spelling and punctuation errors.