Gestures—movements of the hands and arms—are an important type of nonverbal communication. In fact, they are so fundamental that people who have been blind from birth use them. The most common forms of gestures are what social scientists call illustrators—movements that accompany speech and that can't stand alone. Scratching your head when searching for an idea and snapping your fingers
when you find an idea are examples of illustrators that complement verbal messages. Research shows that North Americans use illustrators more often when they are emotionally aroused—trying to explain ideas that are difficult to put into words when they are furious, horrified, very agitated, distressed, or excited. A second type of gestures is emblems—deliberate nonverbal behaviors that have a very precise meaning, known to virtually everyone within a cultural group. For example, we all know that a head nod means "yes," a head shake means "no," a wave means "hello" or "goodbye," and a hand to the ear means "I can't hear you." And almost anybody over the age of seven knows the meaning of a raised finger. A third type of gestures is adaptors—self-touching behaviors. (To make matters confusing, sometimes these behaviors go by the name of manipulators.) Whereas we usually use emblems consciously to express a message, adaptors are usually unconscious. For example, you might fiddle nervously with your hands or click a pen during a high-stress job interview. Research confirms what common sense suggests—that increased use of manipulators is often a sign of discomfort. But not all fidgeting signals uneasiness. People also are likely to use adaptors when relaxed. When they let down their guard (either alone or with friends), they will be more likely to fiddle with an earlobe, twirl a strand of hair, or clean their fingernails. Whether or not the fidgeter is hiding something, observers are likely to interpret an adaptor as a sign of dishonesty. Because not all fidgeters are dishonest, it's important not to jump to conclusions about the meaning of adaptors. Adaptors are more likely to be used when
a. people are particularly nervous.
b. people are trying to make a good impression.
c. people are too shy to speak up.
d. people are being dishonest.
A
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Which of the following are important goals of a first reading?
a. Annotate the text b. Identify the main idea c. Consider the conclusion d. All of the above
In the SQ3R process, "recite" is different from steps in other reading processes because it asks the reader to
a. ask questions about the text b. take careful notes on the text c. divide the note-taking paper into three columns d. state out loud what has been learned
?????????????????????????????????? Answer this question in Japanese.
What will be an ideal response?
Écoutez le texte et complétez-le, d'après ce que vous entendez.
À l’heure actuelle, (1) _________________ semble être une notion omniprésente, non seulement dans les (2) ______________ du monde entier, mais aussi en tant qu’objet de recherche. C'est également un sujet couramment abordé dans la vie quotidienne: «As-tu trouvé ton bonheur?», «Es-tu (3) ______________?» Ces questions sont souvent posées dans les échanges sur la famille, les relations amoureuses, le travail, (4) ____________________ en général et les (5) ______________ quotidiens en particulier. Les publicitaires créent d'ailleurs des slogans qui font référence au bonheur dans leurs publicités pour (6) ______________ des boissons («Ouvre Coca-Cola, ouvre du bonheur»). Les enquêtes portant sur (7) __________________, la prospérité, la (8) _________________ et la qualité de vie de la population mondiale se sont (9) _______________ au cours des dernières années. Or, il n’est pas (10) ____________ de voir que les résultats publiés divergent. Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).