____________began providing bail and other help to offenders in Boston in 1841. This act is considered to be the start of probation in the U.S.

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).


John Augustus

Criminal Justice

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According to Tinker v. Des Moines, students are allowed their First Amendment freedom of speech so long as _____.

A) their expression does not offend other students B) there is not a breach of the separation of church and state C) their expression does not substantially disrupt the learning environment D) their expression conforms to established school policy

Criminal Justice

The term "Mafia" is derived from the Arabic word meaning _______

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).

Criminal Justice

Because legislative bodies have enacted vast numbers of laws defining offenses that are ________, statutory interpretation assumes an importance largely unknown to the English common law

a. exogenous b. esoteric c. lex non scripta d. mala prohibita

Criminal Justice

Which of the following is true regarding coercive sexual contact in prisons?

a. Coercion is more likely to be present between female officers and male inmates. b. Coercion is more likely to be present between male officers and female inmates. c. Coercion is more likely to be present between female officers and female inmates. d. PREA reports do not distinguish between coercive and consensual encounters.

Criminal Justice