Describe the structure of representative vertebrate hearts from fish through mammals. Briefly explain
the circulation pattern supported by one type of non-mammalian vertebrate heart. What will be an ideal response?
As shown in Fig. 44-8 on textbook page 947, the fish heart has a single atrium and a single ventricle,
and consequently fish have a single circuit of blood flow. The amphibian heart has two atria and one
ventricle. In amphibians, blood flows in a double circuit – a pulmonary circuit and a systemic circuit –
but there is some mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood in the ventricle. The nonavian
reptilian heart has two atria and two ventricles, and blood flows in a double circuit as well. In these
animals the wall between the ventricles is incomplete, and consequently there is some mixing of blood.
Birds and mammals also have two atria and two ventricles, but the wall between the ventricles is
complete, and thus there is no mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood. These animals have a
double circuit of blood flow as wel
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