Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)

1. In France, positive peer involvement and prosocial attitudes were negatively related to both total and petty deviant behaviors among both males and females in the sample, while exposure to delinquent peers was positively related to both measures of deviant behavior among both groups.
2. Antonaccio and her colleagues (2011) tested social learning theory in three key cities in three
European countries including Athens, Greece; Rome, Italy; and Kiev, Ukraine.
3. Differential association/social learning theories have yet to be tested in Asian countries due to government regulation and IRB standards.
4. Social disorganization theory has been tested in South Africa, focusing on neighborhood-level explanations of crime and deviance.
5. Social disorganization theory has mostly been tested in the United States and mostly in urban areas, with few studies focused in rural areas.


1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. True

Criminal Justice

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