Under stressful or dangerous situations, organisms enter into the "flight-or-fight" response. This response has both neural and endocrine components. Discuss the functions of each component and how they interact with each other
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: The sympathetic division of the nervous system becomes very active in response to stressful or startling stimuli. While the animal's motor neurons are stimulating skeletal muscles to contract in running away or fighting, the sympathetic drive is increasing heart rate and breathing rate. Additionally, blood vessels going toward skeletal muscles will dilate to ensure an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients. At the same time, the sympathetic drive stimulates the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine into the bloodstream. This will also increase heart and respiratory rates. The nervous system also stimulates glucagon release and inhibits insulin release to maintain high plasma levels of glucose. The high plasma glucose levels will be enhanced by the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex.
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A) through voltage-gated channels along the axolemma. B) through passive or leak channels. C) by ATP-dependent ion pumps like the sodium-potassium exchange pump. D) through chemically-gated channels as in neuromuscular transmission. E) diffusion directly through the plasma membrane.
Semimoist pet food contains about 15% to 35% water
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
One mole of solute per liter depresses the freezing point of water by ?1.86°C.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)
Which of the following is a result of phosphate excretion from the body?
A. An increase in free potassium ions in the ECF B. A decrease in free potassium ions in the ECF C. An increase in free calcium ions in the ECF D. A decrease in free calcium ions in the ECF E. An increase in free chloride ions in the ICF