What age-related changes in the respiratory system explain why the older adult is at risk for infection? (Select all that apply.)
a. Reduced ciliary movement
b. Decrease in alveolar elasticity
c. Pooling of secretions
d. Flattened diaphragm
e. Calcification of costal cartilage
ANS: A, B, C
The flattening of the diaphragm and the calcification of cartilages decrease respiratory effectiveness but do not support pathogen growth as do ciliary and alveolar changes.
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