List and define the different types and subtypes of errors in reasoning listed in your textbook.
What will be an ideal response?
Illogical reasoning: Prematurely jumping to conclusions or arguing on the basis of invalid assumptions.
Resistance to change: Reluctance to change ideas in light of new information, due to ego-based commitments, excessive devotion to tradition, or uncritical agreement with authorities.
Ego-based commitments: Sometimes we commit to ideas simply because they conform to our own needs, rather than observable facts. It can also be difficult to admit we are wrong once we have taken a stance on an issue.
Excessive devotion to tradition: Sometimes we believe that if something worked for our parents or our grandparents, that there would be no need to change it. While some adherence to tradition may be important for the functioning of society, too much can impede progress.
Uncritical agreement with authorities: If we do not have the courage to evaluate critically the ideas of those in positions of authority, we will have little basis for complaint if they exercise their authority over us in ways we do not like.
Inaccurate or selective observations: Inaccurate observations are based on faulty perceptions of empirical reality whereas selective observations are observations that were chosen because they are in accord with preferences or beliefs of the observer.
Overgeneralization: An error in reasoning that occurs when we conclude that what we have observed or know to be true for a subset of cases holds true for the entire set.
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Batson v. Kentucky (1986 ) held that a prosecutor's elimination of an African American juror in a trial in which the defendant is black violates the Equal protection Clause
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
The National Crime Victimization Survey selects subjects by identifying rural counties or metropolitan areas as primary sampling units, then chooses geographic regions within these units, then chooses addresses within the geographic regions. This is an example of:
a. Availability Sampling b. Validity Sampling c. Cross-population generalizability d. Multistage cluster sampling e. none of the above
Explain what an inmate must prove in order to prevail in suits involving deliberate indifference.
What will be an ideal response?
Stanford v. Kentucky upheld the practice of removing jurors who are opposed to the death penalty
a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false