The Warburg effect is the observation that cancer cells produce energy using a high rate of glycolysis followed by
fermentation rather than oxidative phosphorylation. Although the exact cause is still under investigation, which
explanation is most plausible?
a. Tumors attract blood vessels to increase levels of available oxygen.
b. In order to grow quickly, high levels of ATP are required.
c. Mutations in phosphofructokinase prevent feedback inhibition.
d. Tumor formation upregulates glycolytic proteins.
e. Rapid cell proliferation damages mitochondrial function.
ANSWER: e
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Endospore-forming Gram-positive bacteria are found primarily in ________ habitats.
A. freshwater B. marine C. soil D. All of the choices are correct.
A 4-year-old boy who is in day care 3 days per week is irritable and scratching the area around his anus. What morphologic characteristics would most likely be observed on microscopic ex-amination of the appropriate specimen?
a. Large eggs, proglottid shape b. Large eggs with a terminal spine c. Two individual hooklets d. Football-shaped eggs with one flattened side
HIV is most commonly transferred by
a. casual contact. b. food. c. water. d. sexual intercourse. e. insect bites.
The realized niche of Semibalanus is
A. smaller than its fundamental niche. B. bigger than its fundamental niche. C. the same as its fundamental niche. D. the same as that of Chthamalus.